Author :
Abstract
Batı televizyon kurgularında queer görünürlüğü, yıllar içerisinde kaçınılmaz ölçüde değişiklik göstermişse de uzun süre sorunlu bir çerçevede çizilmiştir. Medya endüstrisindeki birçok ilintili süreçlere bağlı olarak 1990’lardan sonra temsil biçimlerinde başlayan değişimler sayesinde medya araştırmacıları, queerin daha geniş görünürlüğünü irdelemek amacıyla yaklaşımlarını çeşitlendirmeye başlamıştır. Aynı dönemlerde, akademik dünyada ses getiren queer kuram ise medya araştırmacılarına verimli bir bakış açısı sağlamıştır. Sabit kimlik kavramını, hegemonik normları ve cinsiyet sistemlerine eleştirel bir bakışla yaklaşan queer kuramın sunduğu fikirler, televizyondaki queer görünürlüğü geniş bir perspektifte ele alan queer televizyon çalışmalarının çoğalmasında etkili olmuştur. Kültürel çalışmalar geleneğiyle ilişkilendirilen ve nispeten yeni bir alan olan queer televizyon çalışmaları, cinsiyet temelli kültürel-politik söylemleri popüler televizyon metinleri üzerinden açıklamaya ve geliştirmeye çalışan disiplinlerarası bir alt-alandır. Cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinselliğin toplumsal inşasını daha iyi anlayabilmek adına çeşitli konuları ve yaklaşımları kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, queer televizyon çalışmalarını, alana zemin hazırlayan süreç ve akademik gelişmeleri genel hatlarıyla açıklamak ve uygun bir literatür taraması sunmaktır. Her ne kadar çıkış noktası Batı temelli televizyon metinlerini incelemek olsa da televizyon kavramının günümüzdeki dijital çağda değişen yapısı ve temsil özellikleri, bu alanın farklı konumlardaki dünya ülkelerinde de kullanılan bir yaklaşım olarak temellenmesine olanak sağlamıştır.
Keywords
Abstract
Although the visibility of queer in Western television fiction has inevitably changed over the years, it has been drawn in a problematic framework for a long time. With the changes that started in the forms of representation after the 1990s due to many related processes in the media industry, media scholars have begun to diversify their approaches in order to examine the wider visibility of queer. At the same time, queer theory, which made an impact in the academic world, provided a productive perspective to media scholars. The ideas presented by queer theory, which approaches the concept of fixed identity, hegemonic norms and gender systems with a critical view, have been influential in the proliferation of queer television studies that deal with queer visibility on television from a broad perspective. Queer television studies, a relatively new field associated with the tradition of cultural studies, is an interdisciplinary sub-field that tries to explain and enhance gender-based cultural-political discourses through popular television texts. To better understand the social construction of gender and sexuality, it encompasses various issues and approaches. The aim of this study is to explain queer television studies, and the process and academic developments that paved the way for the field in general terms and to present an appropriate literature review. Although the starting point is to examine Western-based television texts, the changing structure and representation characteristics of the concept of television in today's digital age have enabled this field to be grounded as an approach used in different countries of the world.
Keywords
- Barker, M. J. ve Scheele, J. (2018). Queer, Resimli Bir Tarih. (Çev: Utlu Özmakas) İstanbul:
- Barker, M. J. ve Scheele, J. (2018). Queer, Resimli Bir Tarih. (Çev: Utlu Özmakas) İstanbul: Dipnot Yayınları.
- Berlant, L. ve Michael W. (1998). Sex in Public. Critical Inquiry, 24(2): Sy. 547-566.
- Battles, K. ve Hilton-Morrow, W. (2002). Gay Characters in Conventional Spaces: Will &Grace and the Situation Comedy Genre. Critical Studies in Media Communication 19.1: Sy. 87-105.
- Burnichon, M. C. D. (2018). Queer Tv? The Case of Showtime’s Queer As Folk and The L Word. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). University College London, UK.
- Butler, J. (2014). Bela Bedenler. (Çev. C. Çakırlar ve Z. Talay). Pinhan Yayıncılık, İstanbul. Butler, J. (2019). Cinsiyet Belası. (Çev. B. Ertür). Metis Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- Capuzza, J. C. ve Spencer, L.G. (2017). Regressing, Progressing, or Transgressing on the SmallScreen? Transgender Characters on U.S. Scripted Television Series. Communication Quarterly 65.2: Sy. 214-230.
- Capsuto, S. (2000). Alternate Channels: The Uncensored History of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television, 1930s to the Present. New York: Ballantine.
- Chambers, S. A. (2009). The Queer Politics of Television. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris.
- Clark, D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Corey, S. (2010). All Bi Myself: Analyzing Television’s Presentation of Female Bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 17.(2), sy. 190-205.
- Dhaenens, F. (2011) Gay Representation, Queer Resistance and the Small Screen: A ReceptionStudy of Gay Representations Among Flemish Fans of Contemporary Television Fiction. Gent: Academia Press.
- Doty, A. (1993). Making Things Perfectly Queer: Interpreting Mass Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Driver, S. (2007). Queer Girls and Popular Culture: Reading, Resisting, and Creating Media. New York: Peter Lang.
- Dynes, W. R. (1990). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Garland: 1st edition.
- Erdem, T. (2012). Hizadan Çıkmaya, Yoldan Sapmaya Dair. (Ed: Çakırlar, C. ve Delice, S.), Cinsellik Muamması: Türkiye’de Queer Kültür ve Muhalefet. İstanbul: Metis Yayınevi.
- Ergül, S. (2013). Acconci ve Queer Sanat, (Ed: Yardımcı, S ve Güçlü, Ö.), Queer Tahayyül, sy. 383-400. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Fejes, F., Petrich, K. (1993). Invisibility, Homophobia and Heterosexism: Lesbians, Gays and the Media. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10(4), sy. 395-422.
- Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
- Glyn, D. ve Needham, G. (2009). Queer TV: Theories, Histories, Politics. New York:Routledge.Griffin, H. (2017). Evaluating Television: Affect as a Critical Optic. Cinema Journal 57(1), sy. 71-93.
- Griffin, H. (2019). Queer Television. Cinema and Media Studies, Oxford Bibliographies.
- Gross, L. (2002). Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Halperin, D. (2003). The Normalization of Queer Theory, Journal of Homosexuality, 45(2-4), sy. 339-343.
- Harcourt, B. E. (2007). An Answer to the Question: What Is Poststructuralism? University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper.
- Hilton-Morrow, W. ve Battles, K. (2015). Sexual Identities and the Media: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
- Himberg, J. (2014). Multicasting: Lesbian Programming and the Changing Landscape of Cable TV. Television & New Media, 15 (4), sy. 289-304.
- Jagose, A. (2017). Queer Teori: Bir Giriş. (Çev: Ali Toprak) Ankara: Nota Bene Yayınları.
- Jenkins, H. (1995). Science Fiction Audiences: Watching Star Trek and Dr. Who. (Ed: JohnTulloch ve Henry Jenkins). Out of the Closet and Into the Universe, sy. 237-265. New York:Joyrich, L. (2014). Queer Television Studies: Currents, Flows, and (Main)streams. Cinema Journal, 53(2), sy. 133-139.
- Kornak, J. (2015). Queer as a Political Concept. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Finland: University of Helsinki.
- Köppert, K. (2019). Queer Media Studies, Queering Medienwissenschaften. SpringerFachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature. J. Dorer et al. (Hrsg.), Handbuch Medien und Geschlecht.
- Lovelock, M. (2019). Reality TV and Queer Identities: Sexuality, Authenticity, Celebrity. Palgrave Macmillan.
- McInroy, L. B. ve Craig, S. H. (2017). Perspectives of LGBTQ Emerging Adults on theDepiction and Impact of LGBTQ Media Representation, Journal of Youth Studies, 20(1), s. 32- 46.
- McRuer, R. (2013). AIDS, Christopher Reeve ve Queer Sakatlık Çalışmaları. (Ed: Yardımcı S. ve Güçlü Ö.) Queer Tahayyül, sy. 255-282.
- Miller, T. (2010). Television Studies: The Basics. London, UK: Routledge.
- Moore, C. (2007). Having It All Ways: The Tourist, The Traveler, and The Local in The L Word. Cinema Journal 46(4), sy. 3-23.
- Nyongo, T. (2005). Queer TV: A Comment. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 11 (1), sy. 103-105.
- Parsemain, A. L. (2019). The Pedagogy of Queer Tv. Palgrave Entertainment Industries.
- Peters, W. (2011). Pink Dollars, White Collars: Queer as Folk, Valuable Viewers, and the Price of Gay TV, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 28 (3), sy. 193-212.
- Raymond, D. (2010). Popular Culture and Queer Representation. (Ed: Dines ve J. M. Humez), Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, s. 98-110.
- Rodriguez, J. A. (2019). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Media: Key Narratives, Future Directions. Sociology Compass, 13(4), sy. 1-10.
- Rosenblum, D. (1994). Queer Intersectionality and the Failure of Recent Lesbian and Gay “Victories”. Law & Sexuality, 83, sy. 83-122.
- Scott, S. ve Jackson, S. (2012). Cinselliği Kuramlaştırmak. Ankara: Nota Bene Yayınları.Sedgwick, E. K. (1991). Epistemology of the Closet. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
- Sender, K. (2012). No Hard Feelings: Reflexivity and Queer Affect in the New MediaLandscape. (Ed: Ross, K.), The Handbook of Gender, Sex and Media, sy. 535- 551. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Stryker, S. (2016). Trans Tarihi, Homonormativite ve Disiplinerlik. (Ed: Darıcıoğlu, L. S.), Queer Temaşa, s. 198- 217. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
- Sullivan, N. (2003). A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. New York: NYU Press.
- Tongson, K. (2017). Queer. (Ed: Quellette, L ve Gray, J.) Keywords for Media Studies. New York: New York University Press.
- Tropiano, S. (2002). The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV. New York: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books.
- Warner, M. (1993). Introduction. (Ed: Warner, M.). Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, sy. 12- 31.
- Vanlee, F. (2019). Queer Locale/Queerly Local: Exploring Flemish LGBT+ Televisibility,Localized Identity Politics and Peripheral Queer Television Scholarship. Brussel: Vrije Universiteit.
- Villarejo, A. (2009). Ethereal Queer: Notes on Method. (Ed: Davis, G. ve Needham, G.), Queer Tv: Theories, Histories, Politics, sy. 48-62. London, UK: IB Tauris.
- Villarejo, A. (2013). Ethereal Queer: Television, Historicity, Desire. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
- Wold, H. (2017). Up Next: Representations of the Underrepresented in Streaming Film and Television. University of Colorado Boulder.
- Yardımcı, S. ve Güçlü, Ö. (2013). Giriş: Queer Tahayyül. (Ed: Yardımcı, S. ve Güçlü, Ö.), Queer Tahayyül, sy. 17-27. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
